EVOLUTION OF MIGRATION PROCESSES: A HISTORICALOVERVIEW AND CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES

Abstract

The history of migration processes in the world represents a multifaceted
phenomenon driven by the interaction of biological, ecological, economic, cultural, and political factors. Since ancient times, migration has played a key role in shaping the demographic landscape of the planet, contributing to the spread of the human species, the development of diverse cultures, and the establishment of interregional connections. The earliest waves of migration are associated with the dispersal of Homo sapiens, when approximately 70–100 thousand years ago our ancestors began leaving Africa, adapting to varied climatic conditions, and settling in new territories. These initial movements laid the foundation for the genetic, linguistic, and cultural
diversity observed today.